(1) Hoʻohana ka umu uila i ka uila, ke kumu ikehu maʻemaʻe loa. ʻO nā kumu ikehu ʻē aʻe e like me ka lanahu, coke, ka ʻaila maʻemaʻe, ke kinoea maoli, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e lawe mai i nā mea haumia e pili pū ana i loko o ke kaʻina hana metallurgical. ʻO nā kapuahi uila wale nō e hiki ke hana i nā mea hoʻohui maʻemaʻe.
(2) ʻO ka uila wale nō ke kumu ikehu hiki ke loaʻa nā kūlana wela kiʻekiʻe.
(3) Hiki i ka umu uila ke hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi i nā kūlana thermodynamic e like me ka oxygen partial pressure a me ka nitrogen partial pressure e koi ʻia e nā ʻano hana metallurgical like ʻole e like me ka hōʻemi, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka nitriding.